From 242f81cc97c575f3065a1c63d68a108aaae80dc0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "loic.miller" Date: Tue, 13 Jun 2023 09:58:35 +0000 Subject: [PATCH] Update on Overleaf. --- acmart.cls | 2357 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ccs-body.tex | 173 ++++ ccs-sample.bib | 33 + ccs-template.tex | 70 ++ 4 files changed, 2633 insertions(+) create mode 100644 acmart.cls create mode 100644 ccs-body.tex create mode 100644 ccs-sample.bib create mode 100644 ccs-template.tex diff --git a/acmart.cls b/acmart.cls new file mode 100644 index 0000000..68471c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/acmart.cls @@ -0,0 +1,2357 @@ +%% +%% This is file `acmart.cls', +%% generated with the docstrip utility. +%% +%% The original source files were: +%% +%% acmart.dtx (with options: `class') +%% +%% IMPORTANT NOTICE: +%% +%% For the copyright see the source file. +%% +%% Any modified versions of this file must be renamed +%% with new filenames distinct from acmart.cls. +%% +%% For distribution of the original source see the terms +%% for copying and modification in the file acmart.dtx. +%% +%% This generated file may be distributed as long as the +%% original source files, as listed above, are part of the +%% same distribution. (The sources need not necessarily be +%% in the same archive or directory.) +%% \CharacterTable +%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z +%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z +%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9 +%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \# +%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \& +%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \) +%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \, +%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/ +%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \< +%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \? +%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\ +%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_ +%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \| +%% Right brace \} Tilde \~} +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +\ProvidesClass{acmart} +[2017/04/23 v1.35 Typesetting articles for Association of +Computing Machinery] +\def\@classname{acmart} +\InputIfFileExists{acmart-preload-hook.tex}{% + \ClassWarning{\@classname}{% + I am loading acmart-preload-hook.tex. You are fully responsible + for any problems from now on.}}{} +\RequirePackage{xkeyval} +\define@choicekey*+{acmart.cls}{format}[\ACM@format\ACM@format@nr]{% + manuscript, acmsmall, acmlarge, acmtog, sigconf, siggraph, + sigplan, sigchi, sigchi-a}[manuscript]{}{% + \ClassError{\@classname}{The option format must be manuscript, + acmsmall, acmlarge, acmtog, sigconf, siggraph, + sigplan, sigchi or sigchi-a}} +\def\@DeclareACMFormat#1{\DeclareOptionX{#1}{\setkeys{acmart.cls}{format=#1}}} +\@DeclareACMFormat{manuscript} +\@DeclareACMFormat{acmsmall} +\@DeclareACMFormat{acmlarge} +\@DeclareACMFormat{acmtog} +\@DeclareACMFormat{sigconf} +\@DeclareACMFormat{siggraph} +\@DeclareACMFormat{sigplan} +\@DeclareACMFormat{sigchi} +\@DeclareACMFormat{sigchi-a} +\ExecuteOptionsX{format} +\define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{screen}[true]{% + \if@ACM@screen + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using screen mode}% + \else + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using screen mode}% + \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{Option screen can be either true or + false}} +\ExecuteOptionsX{screen=false} +\define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{review}[true]{% + \if@ACM@review + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using review mode}% + \else + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using review mode}% + \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{Option review can be either true or + false}} +\ExecuteOptionsX{review=false} +\define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{authorversion}[true]{% + \if@ACM@authorversion + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using authorversion mode}% + \else + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using authorversion mode}% + \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{Option authorversion can be either true or + false}} +\ExecuteOptionsX{authorversion=false} +\define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{natbib}[true]{% + \if@ACM@natbib + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Explicitly selecting natbib mode}% + \else + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Explicitly deselecting natbib mode}% + \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{Option natbib can be either true or + false}} +\ExecuteOptionsX{natbib=true} +\define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{anonymous}[true]{% + \if@ACM@anonymous + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using anonymous mode}% + \else + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using anonymous mode}% + \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{Option anonymous can be either true or + false}} +\ExecuteOptionsX{anonymous=false} +\define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{timestamp}[true]{% + \if@ACM@timestamp + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using timestamp mode}% + \else + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using timestamp mode}% + \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{Option timestamp can be either true or + false}} +\ExecuteOptionsX{timestamp=false} +\define@boolkey+{acmart.cls}[@ACM@]{authordraft}[true]{% + \if@ACM@authordraft + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Using authordraft mode}% + \@ACM@timestamptrue + \@ACM@reviewtrue + \else + \PackageInfo{\@classname}{Not using authordraft mode}% + \fi}{\PackageError{\@classname}{Option authordraft can be either true or + false}} +\ExecuteOptionsX{timestamp=false} +\def\ACM@fontsize{} +\DeclareOptionX{9pt}{\edef\ACM@fontsize{\CurrentOption}} +\DeclareOptionX{10pt}{\edef\ACM@fontsize{\CurrentOption}} +\DeclareOptionX{11pt}{\edef\ACM@fontsize{\CurrentOption}} +\DeclareOptionX{12pt}{\edef\ACM@fontsize{\CurrentOption}} +\DeclareOptionX{draft}{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{amsart}} +\DeclareOptionX{*}{\PassOptionsToClass{\CurrentOption}{amsart}} +\ProcessOptionsX +\ClassInfo{\@classname}{Using format \ACM@format, number \ACM@format@nr} +\newif\if@ACM@manuscript +\newif\if@ACM@journal +\newif\if@ACM@sigchiamode +\ifnum\ACM@format@nr=5\relax % siggraph + \ClassWarning{\@classname}{The format `siggraph' is now obsolete. + I am switching to sigconf.} + \setkeys{acmart.cls}{format=sigconf} +\fi +\ifnum\ACM@format@nr=0\relax + \@ACM@manuscripttrue +\else + \@ACM@manuscriptfalse +\fi +\@ACM@sigchiamodefalse +\ifcase\ACM@format@nr +\relax % manuscript + \@ACM@journaltrue +\or % acmsmall + \@ACM@journaltrue +\or % acmlarge + \@ACM@journaltrue +\or % acmtog + \@ACM@journaltrue +\or % sigconf + \@ACM@journalfalse +\or % siggraph + \@ACM@journalfalse + \or % sigplan + \@ACM@journalfalse + \or % sigchi + \@ACM@journalfalse +\or % sigchi-a + \@ACM@journalfalse + \@ACM@sigchiamodetrue +\fi +\ifx\ACM@fontsize\@empty + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \def\ACM@fontsize{9pt}% + \or % acmsmall + \def\ACM@fontsize{10pt}% + \or % acmlarge + \def\ACM@fontsize{10pt}% + \or % acmtog + \def\ACM@fontsize{9pt}% + \or % sigconf + \def\ACM@fontsize{9pt}% + \or % siggraph + \def\ACM@fontsize{9pt}% + \or % sigplan + \def\ACM@fontsize{9pt}% + \or % sigchi + \def\ACM@fontsize{10pt}% + \or % sigchi-a + \def\ACM@fontsize{10pt}% + \fi +\fi +\ClassInfo{\@classname}{Using fontsize \ACM@fontsize} +\LoadClass[\ACM@fontsize, reqno]{amsart} +\RequirePackage{microtype} +\RequirePackage{totpages} +\RequirePackage{environ} +\if@ACM@manuscript +\RequirePackage{setspace} +\onehalfspacing +\fi +\if@ACM@natbib + \RequirePackage{natbib} + \renewcommand{\bibsection}{% + \section*{\refname}% + \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\refname}% + } + \renewcommand{\bibfont}{\bibliofont} + \renewcommand\setcitestyle[1]{ + \@for\@tempa:=#1\do + {\def\@tempb{round}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \renewcommand\NAT@open{(}\renewcommand\NAT@close{)}\fi + \def\@tempb{square}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \renewcommand\NAT@open{[}\renewcommand\NAT@close{]}\fi + \def\@tempb{angle}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \renewcommand\NAT@open{$<$}\renewcommand\NAT@close{$>$}\fi + \def\@tempb{curly}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \renewcommand\NAT@open{\{}\renewcommand\NAT@close{\}}\fi + \def\@tempb{semicolon}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \renewcommand\NAT@sep{;}\fi + \def\@tempb{colon}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \renewcommand\NAT@sep{;}\fi + \def\@tempb{comma}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \renewcommand\NAT@sep{,}\fi + \def\@tempb{authoryear}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \NAT@numbersfalse\fi + \def\@tempb{numbers}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \NAT@numberstrue\NAT@superfalse\fi + \def\@tempb{super}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \NAT@numberstrue\NAT@supertrue\fi + \def\@tempb{nobibstyle}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \let\bibstyle=\@gobble\fi + \def\@tempb{bibstyle}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \let\bibstyle=\@citestyle\fi + \def\@tempb{sort}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \def\NAT@sort{\@ne}\fi + \def\@tempb{nosort}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \def\NAT@sort{\z@}\fi + \def\@tempb{compress}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \def\NAT@cmprs{\@ne}\fi + \def\@tempb{nocompress}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \def\NAT@cmprs{\@z}\fi + \def\@tempb{sort&compress}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \def\NAT@sort{\@ne}\def\NAT@cmprs{\@ne}\fi + \def\@tempb{mcite}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \let\NAT@merge\@ne\fi + \def\@tempb{merge}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \@ifnum{\NAT@merge<\tw@}{\let\NAT@merge\tw@}{}\fi + \def\@tempb{elide}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \@ifnum{\NAT@merge<\thr@@}{\let\NAT@merge\thr@@}{}\fi + \def\@tempb{longnamesfirst}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \NAT@longnamestrue\fi + \def\@tempb{nonamebreak}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \def\NAT@nmfmt#1{\mbox{\NAT@up#1}}\fi + \expandafter\NAT@find@eq\@tempa=\relax\@nil + \if\@tempc\relax\else + \expandafter\NAT@rem@eq\@tempc + \def\@tempb{open}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \xdef\NAT@open{\@tempc}\fi + \def\@tempb{close}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \xdef\NAT@close{\@tempc}\fi + \def\@tempb{aysep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \xdef\NAT@aysep{\@tempc}\fi + \def\@tempb{yysep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \xdef\NAT@yrsep{\@tempc}\fi + \def\@tempb{notesep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \xdef\NAT@cmt{\@tempc}\fi + \def\@tempb{citesep}\ifx\@tempa\@tempb + \xdef\NAT@sep{\@tempc}\fi + \fi + }% + \NAT@@setcites + } + \renewcommand\citestyle[1]{% + \ifcsname bibstyle@#1\endcsname% + \csname bibstyle@#1\endcsname\let\bibstyle\@gobble% + \else% + \@latex@error{Undefined `#1' citestyle}% + \fi + }% +\fi +\newcommand{\bibstyle@acmauthoryear}{% + \setcitestyle{% + authoryear,% + open={[},close={]},citesep={;},% + aysep={},yysep={,},% + notesep={, }}} +\newcommand{\bibstyle@acmnumeric}{% + \setcitestyle{% + numbers,sort&compress,% + open={[},close={]},citesep={,},% + notesep={, }}} +\if@ACM@natbib +\citestyle{acmnumeric} +\fi +\def\@startsection#1#2#3#4#5#6{% + \if@noskipsec \leavevmode \fi + \par + \@tempskipa #4\relax + \@afterindenttrue + \ifdim \@tempskipa <\z@ + \@tempskipa -\@tempskipa \@afterindentfalse + \fi + \if@nobreak + \everypar{}% + \else + \addpenalty\@secpenalty\addvspace\@tempskipa + \fi + \@ifstar + {\@ssect{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}% + {\@dblarg{\@sect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}}} +\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{% + \edef\@toclevel{\ifnum#2=\@m 0\else\number#2\fi}% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth + \let\@svsec\@empty + \else + \refstepcounter{#1}% + \protected@edef\@svsec{\@seccntformat{#1}\relax}% + \fi + \@tempskipa #5\relax + \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ + \begingroup + #6{% + \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}% + \interlinepenalty \@M #8\@@par}% + \endgroup + \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else + \@tochangmeasure{\csname the#1\endcsname}% + \fi + \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else + \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}% + \fi + #7}% + \else + \def\@svsechd{% + #6{\hskip #3\relax + \@svsec #8}% + \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else + \@tochangmeasure{\csname the#1\endcsname\space}% + \fi + \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else + \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}% + \fi + #7}}% + \fi + \@xsect{#5}} +\def\@xsect#1{% + \@tempskipa #1\relax + \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ + \par \nobreak + \vskip \@tempskipa + \@afterheading + \else + \@nobreakfalse + \global\@noskipsectrue + \everypar{% + \if@noskipsec + \global\@noskipsecfalse + {\setbox\z@\lastbox}% + \clubpenalty\@M + \begingroup \@svsechd \endgroup + \unskip + \@tempskipa #1\relax + \hskip -\@tempskipa + \else + \clubpenalty \@clubpenalty + \everypar{}% + \fi}% + \fi + \ignorespaces} +\def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1\endcsname\quad} +\def\@ssect#1#2#3#4#5{% + \@tempskipa #3\relax + \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ + \begingroup + #4{% + \@hangfrom{\hskip #1}% + \interlinepenalty \@M #5\@@par}% + \endgroup + \else + \def\@svsechd{#4{\hskip #1\relax #5}}% + \fi + \@xsect{#3}} +\def\@starttoc#1#2{\begingroup + \setTrue{#1}% + \par\removelastskip\vskip\z@skip + \@startsection{section}\@M\z@{\linespacing\@plus\linespacing}% + {.5\linespacing}{\centering\contentsnamefont}{#2}% + \@input{\jobname.#1}% + \if@filesw + \@xp\newwrite\csname tf@#1\endcsname + \immediate\@xp\openout\csname tf@#1\endcsname \jobname.#1\relax + \fi + \global\@nobreakfalse \endgroup + \addvspace{32\p@\@plus14\p@}% +} +\def\l@subsection{\@tocline{2}{0pt}{1pc}{3pc}{}} +\def\l@subsubsection{\@tocline{2}{0pt}{1pc}{5pc}{}} +\let\@footnotemark@nolink\@footnotemark +\let\@footnotetext@nolink\@footnotetext +\RequirePackage[bookmarksnumbered,unicode]{hyperref} +\pdfstringdefDisableCommands{% + \def\unskip{}% + \def\textbullet{- }% + \def\textrightarrow{ -> }% + \def\footnotemark{}% +} +\urlstyle{rm} +\ifcase\ACM@format@nr +\relax % manuscript +\or % acmsmall +\or % acmlarge +\or % acmtog +\or % sigconf +\or % siggraph +\or % sigplan + \urlstyle{sf} +\or % sigchi +\or % sigchi-a + \urlstyle{sf} +\fi +\if@ACM@screen + \hypersetup{colorlinks, + linkcolor=ACMRed, + citecolor=ACMPurple, + urlcolor=ACMDarkBlue, + filecolor=ACMDarkBlue} +\else + \hypersetup{hidelinks} +\fi +\if@ACM@natbib + \let\citeN\cite + \let\cite\citep + \let\citeANP\citeauthor + \let\citeNN\citeyearpar + \let\citeyearNP\citeyear + \let\citeyear\citeyearpar + \let\citeNP\citealt + \DeclareRobustCommand\citeA + {\begingroup\NAT@swafalse + \let\NAT@ctype\@ne\NAT@partrue\NAT@fullfalse\NAT@open\NAT@citetp}% + \providecommand\newblock{}% +\else + \AtBeginDocument{% + \let\shortcite\cite% + \providecommand\citename[1]{#1}} +\fi +\newcommand\shortcite[2][]{% + \ifNAT@numbers\cite[#1]{#2}\else\citeyear[#1]{#2}\fi} +\def\bibliographystyle#1{% + \ifx\@begindocumenthook\@undefined\else + \expandafter\AtBeginDocument + \fi + {\if@filesw + \immediate\write\@auxout{\string\bibstyle{#1}}% + \fi}} +\RequirePackage{graphicx, xcolor} +\definecolor[named]{ACMBlue}{cmyk}{1,0.1,0,0.1} +\definecolor[named]{ACMYellow}{cmyk}{0,0.16,1,0} +\definecolor[named]{ACMOrange}{cmyk}{0,0.42,1,0.01} +\definecolor[named]{ACMRed}{cmyk}{0,0.90,0.86,0} +\definecolor[named]{ACMLightBlue}{cmyk}{0.49,0.01,0,0} +\definecolor[named]{ACMGreen}{cmyk}{0.20,0,1,0.19} +\definecolor[named]{ACMPurple}{cmyk}{0.55,1,0,0.15} +\definecolor[named]{ACMDarkBlue}{cmyk}{1,0.58,0,0.21} +\if@ACM@authordraft + \RequirePackage{draftwatermark} + \SetWatermarkFontSize{0.5in} + \SetWatermarkColor[gray]{.9} + \SetWatermarkText{\parbox{12em}{\centering + Unpublished working draft\\ + Not for distribution}} +\fi +\RequirePackage{geometry} +\ifcase\ACM@format@nr +\relax % manuscript + \geometry{letterpaper,head=13pt, + marginparwidth=6pc}% +\or % acmsmall + \geometry{twoside=true, + includeheadfoot, head=13pt, foot=2pc, + paperwidth=6.75in, paperheight=10in, + top=58pt, bottom=44pt, inner=46pt, outer=46pt, + marginparwidth=2pc + }% +\or % acmlarge + \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, foot=2pc, + paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, + includeheadfoot, + top=78pt, bottom=114pt, inner=81pt, outer=81pt, + marginparwidth=4pc + }% +\or % acmtog + \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, foot=2pc, + paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, + includeheadfoot, columnsep=24pt, + top=52pt, bottom=75pt, inner=52pt, outer=52pt, + marginparwidth=2pc + }% +\or % sigconf + \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, + paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, + includeheadfoot, columnsep=2pc, + top=57pt, bottom=73pt, inner=54pt, outer=54pt, + marginparwidth=2pc + }% +\or % siggraph + \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, + paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, + includeheadfoot, columnsep=2pc, + top=57pt, bottom=73pt, inner=54pt, outer=54pt, + marginparwidth=2pc + }% +\or % sigplan + \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, + paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, + includeheadfoot=false, columnsep=2pc, + top=1in, bottom=1in, inner=0.75in, outer=0.75in, + marginparwidth=2pc + }% +\or % sigchi + \geometry{twoside=true, head=13pt, + paperwidth=8.5in, paperheight=11in, + includeheadfoot, columnsep=2pc, + top=66pt, bottom=73pt, inner=54pt, outer=54pt, + marginparwidth=2pc + }% +\or % sigchi-a + \geometry{twoside=false, head=13pt, + paperwidth=11in, paperheight=8.5in, + includeheadfoot, marginparsep=72pt, + marginparwidth=170pt, columnsep=20pt, + top=72pt, bottom=72pt, left=314pt, right=72pt + }% + \@mparswitchfalse + \reversemarginpar +\fi +\setlength\parindent{10\p@} +\setlength\parskip{\z@} +\ifcase\ACM@format@nr +\relax % manuscript +\or % acmsmall +\or % acmlarge +\or % acmtog + \setlength\parindent{9\p@}% +\or % sigconf +\or % siggraph +\or % sigplan +\or % sigchi +\or % sigchi-a +\fi +\def\copyrightpermissionfootnoterule{\kern-3\p@ + \hrule \@width \columnwidth \kern 2.6\p@} +\RequirePackage{manyfoot} +\SelectFootnoteRule[2]{copyrightpermission} +\DeclareNewFootnote{copyrightpermission} +\def\footnoterule{\kern-3\p@ + \hrule \@width 4pc \kern 2.6\p@} +\def\endminipage{% + \par + \unskip + \ifvoid\@mpfootins\else + \vskip\skip\@mpfootins + \normalcolor + \unvbox\@mpfootins + \fi + \@minipagefalse %% added 24 May 89 + \color@endgroup + \egroup + \expandafter\@iiiparbox\@mpargs{\unvbox\@tempboxa}} +\def\@makefntext{\noindent\@makefnmark} +\if@ACM@sigchiamode +\long\def\@footnotetext#1{\marginpar{% + \reset@font\small + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% + \csname p@footnote\endcsname\@thefnmark + }% + \color@begingroup + \@makefntext{% + \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#1\@finalstrut\strutbox}% + \color@endgroup}}% +\fi +\long\def\@mpfootnotetext#1{% + \global\setbox\@mpfootins\vbox{% + \unvbox\@mpfootins + \reset@font\footnotesize + \hsize\columnwidth + \@parboxrestore + \protected@edef\@currentlabel + {\csname p@mpfootnote\endcsname\@thefnmark}% + \color@begingroup\centering + \@makefntext{% + \rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces#1\@finalstrut\strutbox}% + \color@endgroup}} +\def\@makefnmark{\hbox{\@textsuperscript{\normalfont\@thefnmark}}} +\def\@textbottom{\vskip \z@ \@plus 1pt} +\let\@texttop\relax +\RequirePackage{iftex} +\ifPDFTeX +\input{glyphtounicode} +\pdfgentounicode=1 +\fi +\RequirePackage{cmap} +\newif\if@ACM@newfonts +\@ACM@newfontstrue +\IfFileExists{libertine.sty}{}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{You do not + have libertine package installed. Please upgrade your + TeX}\@ACM@newfontsfalse} +\IfFileExists{zi4.sty}{}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{You do not + have zi4 package installed. Please upgrade your TeX}\@ACM@newfontsfalse} +\IfFileExists{newtxmath.sty}{}{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{You do not + have newtxmath package installed. Please upgrade your + TeX}\@ACM@newfontsfalse} +\if@ACM@newfonts +\RequirePackage[tt=false, type1=true]{libertine} +\RequirePackage[varqu]{zi4} +\RequirePackage[libertine]{newtxmath} +\RequirePackage[T1]{fontenc} +\fi +\if@ACM@sigchiamode + \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} +\fi +\RequirePackage{caption, float} +\captionsetup[table]{position=top} +\if@ACM@journal + \captionsetup{labelfont={sf, small}, + textfont={sf, small}, margin=\z@} + \captionsetup[figure]{name={Fig.}} +\else + \captionsetup{labelfont={bf}, + textfont={bf}, labelsep=colon, margin=\z@} + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \or % acmsmall + \or % acmlarge + \or % acmtog + \or % sigconf + \or % siggraph + \captionsetup{textfont={it}} + \or % sigplan + \captionsetup{labelfont={bf}, + textfont={normalfont}, labelsep=period, margin=\z@} + \or % sigchi + \captionsetup[figure]{labelfont={bf, small}, + textfont={bf, small}} + \or % sigchi-a + \captionsetup[figure]{labelfont={bf, small}, + textfont={bf, small}} + \fi +\fi +\newfloat{sidebar}{}{sbar} +\floatname{sidebar}{Sidebar} +\renewenvironment{sidebar}{\Collect@Body\@sidebar}{} +\long\def\@sidebar#1{\bgroup\captionsetup{type=sidebar}% + \marginpar{\small#1}\egroup} +\newenvironment{marginfigure}{\Collect@Body\@marginfigure}{} +\long\def\@marginfigure#1{\bgroup\captionsetup{type=figure}% + \marginpar{\centering\small#1}\egroup} +\newenvironment{margintable}{\Collect@Body\@margintable}{} +\long\def\@margintable#1{\bgroup\captionsetup{type=table}% + \marginpar{\centering\small#1}\egroup} +\newdimen\fulltextwidth +\fulltextwidth=\dimexpr(\textwidth+\marginparwidth+\marginparsep) +\if@ACM@sigchiamode +\def\@dblfloat{\bgroup\columnwidth=\fulltextwidth + \let\@endfloatbox\@endwidefloatbox + \def\@fpsadddefault{\def\@fps{tp}}% + \@float} +\fi +\if@ACM@sigchiamode +\def\end@dblfloat{% + \end@float\egroup} +\fi +\def\@endwidefloatbox{% + \par\vskip\z@skip + \@minipagefalse + \outer@nobreak + \egroup + \color@endbox + \global\setbox\@currbox=\vbox{\moveleft + \dimexpr(\fulltextwidth-\textwidth)\box\@currbox}% + \wd\@currbox=\textwidth +} +\ifcase\ACM@format@nr +\relax % manuscript +\or % acmsmall +\or % acmlarge +\or % acmtog +\or % sigconf +\or % siggraph +\or % sigplan +\def\labelenumi{\theenumi.} +\def\labelenumii{\theenumii.} +\def\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.} +\def\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.} +\or % sigchi +\or % sigchi-a +\fi +\renewcommand{\descriptionlabel}[1]{\hspace\labelsep \upshape\bfseries #1} +\renewenvironment{description}{\list{}{% + \itemindent-12\p@ + \labelwidth\z@ \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}% +}{ + \endlist +} +\let\enddescription=\endlist % for efficiency +\define@choicekey*+{ACM}{acmJournal}[\@journalCode\@journalCode@nr]{% + CIE,% + CSUR,% + IMWUT,% + JACM,% + JDIQ,% + JEA,% + JERIC,% + JETC,% + JOCCH,% + PACMPL,% + POMACS,% + TAAS,% + TACCESS,% + TACO,% + TALG,% + TALLIP,% + TAP,% + TCPS,% + TEAC,% + TECS,% + TIIS,% + TISSEC,% + TIST,% + TKDD,% + TMIS,% + TOCE,% + TOCHI,% + TOCL,% + TOCS,% + TOCT,% + TODAES,% + TODS,% + TOG,% + TOIS,% + TOIT,% + TOMACS,% + TOMM,% + TOMPECS,% + TOMS,% + TOPC,% + TOPS,% + TOPLAS,% + TOS,% + TOSEM,% + TOSN,% + TRETS,% + TSAS,% + TSC,% + TSLP,% + TWEB% +}{% +\ifcase\@journalCode@nr +\relax % CIE + \def\@journalName{ACM Computers in Entertainment}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Comput. Entertain.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1544-3574}% +\or % CSUR + \def\@journalName{ACM Computing Surveys}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Comput. Surv.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{0360-0300}% +\or % IMWUT + \def\@journalName{Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, + Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies}% + \def\@journalNameShort{Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2474-9567}% +\or % JACM + \def\@journalName{Journal of the ACM}% + \def\@journalNameShort{J. ACM}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{0004-5411}% +\or % JDIQ + \def\@journalName{ACM Journal of Data and Information Quality}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM J. Data Inform. Quality}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1936-1955}% +\or % JEA + \def\@journalName{ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM J. Exp. Algor.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1084-6654}% +\or % JERIC + \def\@journalName{ACM Journal of Educational Resources in Computing}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM J. Edu. Resources in Comput.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1073-0516}% +\or % JETC + \def\@journalName{ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1550-4832}% +\or % JOCCH + \def\@journalName{ACM Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage}% + \def\@journalName{ACM J. Comput. Cult. Herit.}% +\or % PACMPL + \def\@journalName{Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages}% + \def\@journalName{Proc. ACM Program. Lang.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2475-1421}% +\or % POMACS + \def\@journalName{Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems}% + \def\@journalName{Proc. ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2476-1249}% +\or % TAAS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Autonom. Adapt. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1556-4665}% +\or % TACCESS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Access. Comput.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1936-7228}% +\or % TACO + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization}% +\or % TALG + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Algorithms}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Algor.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1549-6325}% +\or % TALLIP + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2375-4699}% +\or % TAP + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Applied Perception}% +\or % TCPS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems}% +\or % TEAC + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation}% +\or % TECS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Embedd. Comput. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1539-9087}% +\or % TIIS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2160-6455}% +\or % TISSEC + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Information and System Security}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Info. Syst. Sec.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1094-9224}% +\or % TIST + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2157-6904}% +\or % TKDD + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1556-4681}% +\or % TMIS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Manag. Inform. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2158-656X}% +\or % TOCE + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computing Education}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput. Educ.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1946-6226}% +\or % TOCHI + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1073-0516}% +\or % TOCL + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computational Logic}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput. Logic}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1529-3785}% +\or % TOCS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computer Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{0734-2071}% +\or % TOCT + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Computation Theory}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Comput. Theory}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1942-3454}% +\or % TODAES + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Des. Autom. Electron. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1084-4309}% +\or % TODS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Database Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Datab. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{0362-5915}% +\or % TOG + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Graphics}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Graph.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{0730-0301} +\or % TOIS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Information Systems}% + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Information Systems}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1046-8188}% +\or % TOIT + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Internet Technology}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Internet Technol.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1533-5399}% +\or % TOMACS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation}% + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Modeling and Computer Simulation}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Model. Comput. Simul.}% +\or % TOMM + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications and Applications}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1551-6857}% + \def\@permissionCodeTwo{0100}% +\or % TOMPECS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Model. Perform. Eval. Comput. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2376-3639}% +\or % TOMS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Math. Softw.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{0098-3500}% +\or % TOPC + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Parallel Computing}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Parallel Comput.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1539-9087}% +\or % TOPS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Priv. Sec.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2471-2566}% +\or % TOPLAS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{0164-0925}% +\or % TOS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Storage}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Storage}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1553-3077}% +\or % TOSEM + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Softw. Eng. Methodol.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1049-331X}% +\or % TOSN + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Sensor Netw.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1550-4859}% +\or % TRETS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Reconfig. Technol. Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1936-7406}% +\or % TSAS + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Spatial Algorithms and Systems}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Spatial Algorithms Syst.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2374-0353}% +\or % TSC + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Social Computing}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Soc. Comput.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{2469-7818}% +\or % TSLP + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Speech Lang. Process.}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1550-4875}% +\or % TWEB + \def\@journalName{ACM Transactions on the Web}% + \def\@journalNameShort{ACM Trans. Web}% + \def\@permissionCodeOne{1559-1131}% +\fi +\ClassInfo{\@classname}{Using journal code \@journalCode}% +}{% + \ClassError{\@classname}{Incorrect journal #1}% +}% +\def\acmJournal#1{\setkeys{ACM}{acmJournal=#1}} +\def\@journalCode@nr{0} +\def\@journalName{}% +\def\@journalNameShort{\@journalName}% +\def\@permissionCodeOne{XXXX-XXXX}% +\def\@permissionCodeTwo{}% +\newcommand\acmConference[4][]{% + \gdef\acmConference@shortname{#1}% + \gdef\acmConference@name{#2}% + \gdef\acmConference@date{#3}% + \gdef\acmConference@venue{#4}% + \ifx\acmConference@shortname\@empty + \gdef\acmConference@shortname{#2}% + \fi} +\acmConference[Conference'17]{ACM Conference}{July 2017}{Washington, + DC, USA} +\def\subtitle#1{\def\@subtitle{#1}} +\subtitle{} +\newcount\num@authorgroups +\num@authorgroups=0\relax +\newif\if@insideauthorgroup +\@insideauthorgroupfalse +\renewcommand\author[2][]{% + \if@insideauthorgroup\else + \global\advance\num@authorgroups by 1\relax + \global\@insideauthorgrouptrue + \fi + \ifx\addresses\@empty + \if@ACM@anonymous + \gdef\addresses{\@author{Anonymous Author(s)}}% + \gdef\authors{Anonymous Author(s)}% + \else + \gdef\addresses{\@author{#2}}% + \gdef\authors{#2}% + \fi + \else + \if@ACM@anonymous\else + \g@addto@macro\addresses{\and\@author{#2}}% + \g@addto@macro\authors{\and#2}% + \fi + \fi + \if@ACM@anonymous + \ifx\shortauthors\@empty + \gdef\shortauthors{Anon.}% + \fi + \else + \def\@tempa{#1}% + \ifx\@tempa\@empty + \ifx\shortauthors\@empty + \gdef\shortauthors{#2}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\shortauthors{\and#2}% + \fi + \else + \ifx\shortauthors\@empty + \gdef\shortauthors{#1}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\shortauthors{\and#1}% + \fi + \fi + \fi} +\newcommand{\affiliation}[2][]{% + \global\@insideauthorgroupfalse + \if@ACM@anonymous\else + \g@addto@macro\addresses{\affiliation{#1}{#2}}% + \fi} +\define@boolkey+{@ACM@affiliation@}[@ACM@affiliation@]{obeypunctuation}% +[true]{}{\ClassError{\@classname}{obeypunctuation must be true or false}} +\def\additionalaffiliation#1{\authornote{\@additionalaffiliation{#1}}} +\def\@additionalaffiliation#1{\bgroup + \def\position##1{\ignorespaces}% + \def\institution##1{##1\ignorespaces}% + \def\department{\@ifnextchar[{\@department}{\@department[]}}% + \def\@department[##1]##2{\unskip, ##2\ignorespaces}% + \let\streetaddress\position + \let\city\position + \let\state\position + \let\postcode\position + \let\country\position + Also with #1\unskip.\egroup} +\renewcommand{\email}[2][]{% + \if@ACM@anonymous\else + \g@addto@macro\addresses{\email{#1}{#2}}% + \fi} +\let\orcid\@gobble +\def\@titlenotes{} +\def\titlenote#1{% + \g@addto@macro\@title{\footnotemark}% + \if@ACM@anonymous + \g@addto@macro\@titlenotes{% + \stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{Title note}}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\@titlenotes{\stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{#1}}% + \fi} +\def\@subtitlenotes{} +\def\subtitlenote#1{% + \g@addto@macro\@subtitle{\footnotemark}% + \if@ACM@anonymous + \g@addto@macro\@subtitlenotes{% + \stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{Subtitle note}}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\@subtitlenotes{% + \stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{#1}}% + \fi} +\def\@authornotes{} +\def\authornote#1{% + \if@ACM@anonymous\else + \g@addto@macro\addresses{\@authornotemark} + \g@addto@macro\@authornotes{% + \stepcounter{footnote}\footnotetext{#1}}% + \fi} +\def\acmVolume#1{\def\@acmVolume{#1}} +\acmVolume{1} +\def\acmNumber#1{\def\@acmNumber{#1}} +\acmNumber{1} +\def\acmArticle#1{\def\@acmArticle{#1}} +\acmArticle{1} +\def\acmArticleSeq#1{\def\@acmArticleSeq{#1}} +\acmArticleSeq{\@acmArticle} +\def\acmYear#1{\def\@acmYear{#1}} +\acmYear{\the\year} +\def\acmMonth#1{\def\@acmMonth{#1}} +\acmMonth{\the\month} +\def\@acmPubDate{\ifcase\@acmMonth\or + January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or + July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or + December\fi~\@acmYear} +\def\acmPrice#1{\def\@acmPrice{#1}} +\acmPrice{15.00} +\def\acmSubmissionID#1{\def\@acmSubmissionID{#1}} +\acmSubmissionID{} +\def\acmISBN#1{\def\@acmISBN{#1}} +\acmISBN{978-x-xxxx-xxxx-x/YY/MM} +\def\acmDOI#1{\def\@acmDOI{#1}} +\acmDOI{10.1145/nnnnnnn.nnnnnnn} +\newif\if@ACM@badge +\@ACM@badgefalse +\newlength\@ACM@badge@width +\setlength\@ACM@badge@width{5pc} +\newlength\@ACM@title@width +\newlength\@ACM@badge@skip +\setlength\@ACM@badge@skip{1pc} +\newcommand\acmBadgeR[2][]{\@ACM@badgetrue + \def\@acmBadgeR@url{#1}% + \def\@acmBadgeR@image{#2}} +\def\@acmBadgeR@url{} +\def\@acmBadgeR@image{} +\newcommand\acmBadgeL[2][]{\@ACM@badgetrue + \def\@acmBadgeL@url{#1}% + \def\@acmBadgeL@image{#2}} +\def\@acmBadgeL@url{} +\def\@acmBadgeL@image{} +\def\startPage#1{\def\@startPage{#1}} +\startPage{} +\def\terms#1{\ClassWarning{\@classname}{The command \string\terms{} is + obsolete. I am going to ignore it}} +\def\keywords#1{\def\@keywords{#1}} +\keywords{} +\renewenvironment{abstract}{\Collect@Body\@saveabstract}{} +\long\def\@saveabstract#1{\long\gdef\@abstract{#1}} +\@saveabstract{} +\long\def\@lempty{} +\define@boolkey+{@ACM@topmatter@}[@ACM@]{printccs}[true]{% + \if@ACM@printccs + \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Printing CCS}% + \else + \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Suppressing CCS}% + \fi}{\ClassError{\@classname}{printccs must be true or false}} +\define@boolkey+{@ACM@topmatter@}[@ACM@]{printacmref}[true]{% + \if@ACM@printacmref + \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Printing bibformat}% + \else + \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Suppressing bibformat}% + \fi}{\ClassError{\@classname}{printacmref must be true or false}} +\define@boolkey+{@ACM@topmatter@}[@ACM@]{printfolios}[true]{% + \if@ACM@printfolios + \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Printing folios}% + \else + \ClassInfo{\@classname}{Suppressing folios}% + \fi}{\ClassError{\@classname}{printfolios must be true or false}} +\def\settopmatter#1{\setkeys{@ACM@topmatter@}{#1}} +\settopmatter{printccs=true, printacmref=true} +\if@ACM@manuscript + \settopmatter{printfolios=true} +\else + \if@ACM@journal + \settopmatter{printfolios=true} + \else + \settopmatter{printfolios=false} + \fi +\fi +\def\@received{} +\newcommand\received[2][]{\def\@tempa{#1}% + \ifx\@tempa\@empty + \ifx\@received\@empty + \gdef\@received{Received #2}% + \else + \g@addto@macro{\@received}{; revised #2}% + \fi + \else + \ifx\@received\@empty + \gdef\@received{#1 #2}% + \else + \g@addto@macro{\@received}{; #1 #2}% + \fi + \fi} +\AtEndDocument{% + \ifx\@received\@empty\else + \par\bigskip\noindent\small\normalfont\@received\par + \fi} +\RequirePackage{comment} +\excludecomment{CCSXML} +\let\@concepts\@empty +\newcommand\ccsdesc[2][100]{% + \ccsdesc@parse#1~#2~} +\RequirePackage{textcomp} +\def\ccsdesc@parse#1~#2~#3~{% + \expandafter\ifx\csname CCS@#2\endcsname\relax + \expandafter\gdef\csname CCS@#2\endcsname{\textbullet\ \textbf{#2} \textrightarrow\ }% + \g@addto@macro{\@concepts}{\csname CCS@#2\endcsname}\fi + \expandafter\g@addto@macro\expandafter{\csname CCS@#2\endcsname}{% + \ifnum#1>499\textbf{#3}; \else + \ifnum#1>299\textit{#3}; \else + #3; \fi\fi}} +\newif\if@printcopyright +\@printcopyrighttrue +\newif\if@printpermission +\@printpermissiontrue +\newif\if@acmowned +\@acmownedtrue +\define@choicekey*{ACM@}{acmcopyrightmode}[% + \acm@copyrightinput\acm@copyrightmode]{none,acmcopyright,acmlicensed,% + rightsretained,usgov,usgovmixed,cagov,cagovmixed,% + licensedusgovmixed,licensedcagovmixed,othergov,licensedothergov}{% + \@printpermissiontrue + \@printcopyrighttrue + \@acmownedtrue + \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=0\relax % none + \@printpermissionfalse + \@printcopyrightfalse + \@acmownedfalse + \fi + \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=2\relax % acmlicensed + \@acmownedfalse + \fi + \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=3\relax % rightsretained + \@acmownedfalse + \acmPrice{}% + \fi + \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=4\relax % usgov + \@printpermissiontrue + \@printcopyrightfalse + \@acmownedfalse + \acmPrice{}% + \fi + \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=6\relax % cagov + \@acmownedfalse + \fi + \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=8\relax % licensedusgovmixed + \@acmownedfalse + \fi + \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=9\relax % licensedcagovmixed + \@acmownedfalse + \fi + \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=10\relax % othergov + \@acmownedtrue + \fi + \ifnum\acm@copyrightmode=11\relax % licensedothergov + \@acmownedfalse + \fi} +\def\setcopyright#1{\setkeys{ACM@}{acmcopyrightmode=#1}} +\setcopyright{acmcopyright} +\def\@copyrightowner{% + \ifcase\acm@copyrightmode\relax % none + \or % acmcopyright + Association for Computing Machinery. + \or % acmlicensed + Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to + Association for Computing Machinery. + \or % rightsretained + Copyright held by the owner/author(s). + \or % usgov + \or % usgovmixed + Association for Computing Machinery. + \or % cagov + Crown in Right of Canada. + \or %cagovmixed + Association for Computing Machinery. + \or %licensedusgovmixed + Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to + Association for Computing Machinery. + \or %licensedcagovmixed + Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to + Association for Computing Machinery. + \or % othergov + Association for Computing Machinery. + \or % licensedothergov + Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to + Association for Computing Machinery. + \fi} +\def\@formatdoi#1{\url{https://doi.org/#1}} +\def\@copyrightpermission{% + \ifcase\acm@copyrightmode\relax % none + \or % acmcopyright + Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this + work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided + that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial + advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on + the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by + others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is + permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to + redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission + and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions from + permissions@acm.org. + \or % acmlicensed + Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this + work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided + that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial + advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on + the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by + others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit + is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers + or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission + and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions from + permissions@acm.org. + \or % rightsretained + Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work + for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that + copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage + and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first + page. Copyrights for third-party components of this work must be + honored. For all other uses, contact the + owner\hspace*{.5pt}/author(s). + \or % usgov + This paper is authored by an employee(s) of the United States + Government and is in the public domain. Non-exclusive copying or + redistribution is allowed, provided that the article citation is + given and the authors and agency are clearly identified as its + source. + \or % usgovmixed + ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored + by an employee, or contractor of the national government. As such, + the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to + publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for + Government purposes only. Permission to make digital or hard copies + for personal or classroom use is granted. Copies must bear this + notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for + components of this work owned by others than ACM must be + honored. To copy otherwise, distribute, republish, or post, + requires prior specific permission and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a + fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org. + \or % cagov + This article was authored by employees of the Government of Canada. + As such, the Canadian government retains all interest in the + copyright to this work and grants to ACM a nonexclusive, + royalty-free right to publish or reproduce this article, or to allow + others to do so, provided that clear attribution is given both to + the authors and the Canadian government agency employing them. + Permission to make digital or hard copies for personal or classroom + use is granted. Copies must bear this notice and the full citation + on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by + others than the Canadain Government must be honored. To copy + otherwise, distribute, republish, or post, requires prior specific + permission and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions from + permissions@acm.org. + \or % cagovmixed + ACM acknowledges that this contribution was co-authored by an + affiliate of the national government of Canada. As such, the Crown + in Right of Canada retains an equal interest in the copyright. + Reprints must include clear attribution to ACM and the author's + government agency affiliation. Permission to make digital or hard + copies for personal or classroom use is granted. Copies must bear + this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for + components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. + To copy otherwise, distribute, republish, or post, requires prior + specific permission and\hspace*{.5pt}/or a fee. Request permissions + from permissions@acm.org. + \or % licensedusgovmixed + Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. ACM acknowledges that this + contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor + or affiliate of the United States government. As such, the + Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or + reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government + purposes only. + \or % licensedcagovmixed + Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. ACM acknowledges that this + contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor + or affiliate of the national government of Canada. As such, the + Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or + reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government + purposes only. + \or % othergov + ACM acknowledges that this contribution was authored or co-authored + by an employee, contractor or affiliate of a national government. As + such, the Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to + publish or reproduce this article, or to allow others to do so, for + Government purposes only. + \or % licensedothergov + Publication rights licensed to ACM\@. ACM acknowledges that this + contribution was authored or co-authored by an employee, contractor + or affiliate of a national government. As such, the Government + retains a nonexclusive, royalty-free right to publish or reproduce + this article, or to allow others to do so, for Government purposes + only. + \fi} +\def\copyrightyear#1{\def\@copyrightyear{#1}} +\copyrightyear{\@acmYear} +\def\@teaserfigures{} +\newenvironment{teaserfigure}{\Collect@Body\@saveteaser}{} +\long\def\@saveteaser#1{\g@addto@macro\@teaserfigures{\@teaser{#1}}} +\renewcommand{\thanks}[1]{% + \@ifnotempty{#1}{% + \if@ACM@anonymous + \g@addto@macro\thankses{\thanks{A note}}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\thankses{\thanks{#1}}% + \fi}} +\newbox\mktitle@bx +\def\maketitle{% + \if@ACM@anonymous + % Anonymize omission of \author-s + \ifnum\num@authorgroups=0\author{}\fi + \fi + \begingroup + \let\@footnotemark\@footnotemark@nolink + \let\@footnotetext\@footnotetext@nolink + \renewcommand\thefootnote{\@fnsymbol\c@footnote}% + \global\@topnum\z@ % this prevents floats from falling + % at the top of page 1 + \global\@botnum\z@ % we do not want them to be on bottom either + \hsize=\textwidth + \def\@makefnmark{\hbox{\@textsuperscript{\@thefnmark}}}% + \@mktitle\if@ACM@sigchiamode\else\@mkauthors\fi\@mkteasers + \@printtopmatter + \if@ACM@sigchiamode\@mkauthors\fi + \setcounter{footnote}{0}% + \def\@makefnmark{\hbox{\@textsuperscript{\normalfont\@thefnmark}}}% + \@titlenotes + \@subtitlenotes + \@authornotes + \let\@makefnmark\relax \let\@thefnmark\relax + \let\@makefntext\noindent + \ifx\@empty\thankses\else + \footnotetextcopyrightpermission{% + \def\par{\let\par\@par}\parindent\z@\@setthanks}% + \fi + \iffalse %%!! added for CCS submission + \footnotetextcopyrightpermission{% + \if@ACM@authordraft + \raisebox{-2ex}[\z@][\z@]{\makebox[0pt][l]{\large\bfseries + Unpublished + working draft. Not for distribution}}% + \color[gray]{0.9}% + \fi + \parindent\z@\parskip0.1\baselineskip + \if@ACM@authorversion\else + \if@printpermission\@copyrightpermission\par\fi + \fi + \if@ACM@manuscript\else + \if@ACM@journal\else % Print the conference information + {\itshape \acmConference@shortname, \acmConference@date, \acmConference@venue}\par + \fi + \fi + \if@printcopyright + \copyright\ \@copyrightyear\ \@copyrightowner\\ + \else + \@copyrightyear.\ + \fi + \if@ACM@manuscript + Manuscript submitted to ACM\\ + \else + \if@ACM@authorversion + This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for + your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive Version + of Record was published in + \if@ACM@journal + \emph{\@journalName}% + \else + \emph{Proceedings of \acmConference@name, \acmConference@date}% + \fi + \ifx\@acmDOI\@empty + . + \else + , \@formatdoi{\@acmDOI}. + \fi\\ + \else + \if@ACM@journal + \@permissionCodeOne/\@acmYear/\@acmMonth-ART\@acmArticle + \ifx\@acmPrice\@empty\else\ \$\@acmPrice\fi\\ + \@formatdoi{\@acmDOI}% + \else % Conference + %%! Not supposed to change this, but can't figure out a better way to remove it + %% ACM~ISBN~\@acmISBN + %% \ifx\@acmPrice\@empty.\else\dots\$\@acmPrice\fi\\ + %% \@formatdoi{\@acmDOI}% + \fi + \fi + \fi} + \fi %%! + \endgroup + \setcounter{footnote}{0}% + \@mkabstract + \if@ACM@printccs + \ifx\@concepts\@empty\else\bgroup + {\@specialsection{CCS Concepts}% + \@concepts\par}\egroup + \fi + \fi + \ifx\@keywords\@empty\else\bgroup + {\if@ACM@journal + \@specialsection{Additional Key Words and Phrases}% + \else + \@specialsection{Keywords}% + \fi + \@keywords}\par\egroup + \fi + \andify\authors + \andify\shortauthors + \global\let\authors=\authors + \global\let\shortauthors=\shortauthors + \if@ACM@printacmref + \@mkbibcitation + \fi + \hypersetup{pdfauthor={\authors}, + pdftitle={\@title}, pdfkeywords={\@concepts}}% + \@printendtopmatter + \@afterindentfalse + \@afterheading +} +\def\@specialsection#1{% + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \par\medskip\small\noindent#1: % + \or % acmsmall + \par\medskip\small\noindent#1: % + \or % acmlarge + \par\medskip\small\noindent#1: % + \or % acmtog + \par\medskip\small\noindent#1: % + \or % sigconf + \section*{#1}% + \or % siggraph + \section*{#1}% + \or % sigplan + \paragraph*{#1}% + \or % sigchi + \section*{#1}% + \or % sigchi-a + \section*{#1}% + \fi} +\def\@printtopmatter{% + \ifx\@startPage\@empty + \gdef\@startPage{1}% + \else + \setcounter{page}{\@startPage}% + \fi + \thispagestyle{firstpagestyle}% + \noindent + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \box\mktitle@bx\par + \noindent\hrulefill\par + \or % acmsmall + \box\mktitle@bx\par + \noindent\hrulefill\par + \or % acmlarge + \box\mktitle@bx\par + \noindent\hrulefill\par + \or % acmtog + \twocolumn[\box\mktitle@bx]% + \or % sigconf + \twocolumn[\box\mktitle@bx]% + \or % siggraph + \twocolumn[\box\mktitle@bx]% + \or % sigplan + \twocolumn[\box\mktitle@bx]% + \or % sigchi + \twocolumn[\box\mktitle@bx]% + \or % sigchi-a + \par\box\mktitle@bx\par\bigskip + \if@ACM@badge + \marginpar{\noindent + \ifx\@acmBadgeL@image\@empty\else + \href{\@acmBadgeL@url}{% + \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeL@image}}% + \hskip\@ACM@badge@skip + \fi + \ifx\@acmBadgeR@image\@empty\else + \href{\@acmBadgeR@url}{% + \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeR@image}}% + \fi}% + \fi + \fi +} +\def\@mktitle{% + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \@mktitle@i + \or % acmsmall + \@mktitle@i + \or % acmlarge + \@mktitle@i + \or % acmtog + \@mktitle@i + \or % sigconf + \@mktitle@iii + \or % siggraph + \@mktitle@iii + \or % sigplan + \@mktitle@iii + \or % sigchi + \@mktitle@iii + \or % sigchi-a + \@mktitle@iv + \fi +} +\def\@titlefont{% + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \LARGE\bfseries\sffamily + \or % acmsmall + \LARGE\bfseries\sffamily + \or % acmlarge + \LARGE\bfseries\sffamily + \or % acmtog + \Huge\sffamily + \or % sigconf + \Huge\sffamily\bfseries + \or % siggraph + \Huge\sffamily\bfseries + \or % sigplan + \Huge\bfseries + \or % sigchi + \Huge\sffamily\bfseries + \or % sigchi-a + \Huge\bfseries + \fi} +\def\@subtitlefont{\normalsize + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \mdseries + \or % acmsmall + \mdseries + \or % acmlarge + \mdseries + \or % acmtog + \LARGE + \or % sigconf + \LARGE\mdseries + \or % siggraph + \LARGE\mdseries + \or % sigplan + \LARGE\mdseries + \or % sigchi + \LARGE\mdseries + \or % sigchi-a + \mdseries + \fi} +\def\@mktitle@i{\hsize=\textwidth + \@ACM@title@width=\hsize + \ifx\@acmBadgeL@image\@empty\else + \advance\@ACM@title@width by -\@ACM@badge@width + \advance\@ACM@title@width by -\@ACM@badge@skip + \fi + \ifx\@acmBadgeR@image\@empty\else + \advance\@ACM@title@width by -\@ACM@badge@width + \advance\@ACM@title@width by -\@ACM@badge@skip + \fi + \setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\noindent\@titlefont + \ifx\@acmBadgeL@image\@empty\else + \raisebox{-.5\baselineskip}[\z@][\z@]{\href{\@acmBadgeL@url}{% + \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeL@image}}}% + \hskip\@ACM@badge@skip + \fi + \parbox[t]{\@ACM@title@width}{\raggedright + \@titlefont\noindent + \@title + \ifx\@subtitle\@empty\else + \par\noindent{\@subtitlefont\@subtitle} + \fi}% + \ifx\@acmBadgeR@image\@empty\else + \hskip\@ACM@badge@skip + \raisebox{-.5\baselineskip}[\z@][\z@]{\href{\@acmBadgeR@url}{% + \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeR@image}}}% + \fi + \par\bigskip}}% +\def\@mktitle@iii{\hsize=\textwidth + \setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\@titlefont\centering + \@ACM@title@width=\hsize + \if@ACM@badge + \advance\@ACM@title@width by -2\@ACM@badge@width + \advance\@ACM@title@width by -2\@ACM@badge@skip + \parbox[b]{\@ACM@badge@width}{\strut + \ifx\@acmBadgeL@image\@empty\else + \raisebox{-.5\baselineskip}[\z@][\z@]{\href{\@acmBadgeL@url}{% + \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeL@image}}}% + \fi}% + \hskip\@ACM@badge@skip + \fi + \parbox[t]{\@ACM@title@width}{\centering\@titlefont + \@title + \ifx\@subtitle\@empty\else + \par\noindent{\@subtitlefont\@subtitle} + \fi + }% + \if@ACM@badge + \hskip\@ACM@badge@skip + \parbox[b]{\@ACM@badge@width}{\strut + \ifx\@acmBadgeR@image\@empty\else + \raisebox{-.5\baselineskip}[\z@][\z@]{\href{\@acmBadgeR@url}{% + \includegraphics[width=\@ACM@badge@width]{\@acmBadgeR@image}}}% + \fi}% + \fi + \par\bigskip}}% +\def\@mktitle@iv{\hsize=\textwidth + \setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\raggedright\leftskip5pc\@titlefont + \noindent\leavevmode\leaders\hrule height 2pt\hfill\kern0pt\par + \noindent\@title + \ifx\@subtitle\@empty\else + \par\noindent\@subtitlefont\@subtitle + \fi + \par\bigskip}}% +\newbox\@ACM@commabox +\def\@ACM@addtoaddress#1{% + \ifvmode\else + \if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation\else + \setbox\@ACM@commabox=\hbox{, }% + \unskip\cleaders\copy\@ACM@commabox\hskip\wd\@ACM@commabox + \fi\fi + #1} +\if@ACM@journal + \let\position\@gobble + \def\institution#1{#1\ignorespaces}% + \newcommand\department[2][0]{}% + \let\streetaddress\@gobble + \let\city\@gobble + \let\state\@gobble + \let\postcode\@gobble + \let\country\@gobble +\else + \def\position#1{\if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation#1\else#1\par\fi}% + \def\institution#1{\if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation#1\else#1\par\fi}% + \newcommand\department[2][0]{\if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation + #2\else#2\par\fi}% + \def\streetaddress#1{\if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation#1\else#1\par\fi}% + \let\city\@ACM@addtoaddress + \let\state\@ACM@addtoaddress + \def\postcode#1{\if@ACM@affiliation@obeypunctuation#1\else\unskip\space#1\fi}% + \let\country\@ACM@addtoaddress +\fi +\def\@mkauthors{\begingroup + \hsize=\textwidth + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \@mkauthors@i + \or % acmsmall + \@mkauthors@i + \or % acmlarge + \@mkauthors@i + \or % acmtog + \@mkauthors@i + \or % sigconf + \@mkauthors@iii + \or % siggraph + \@mkauthors@iii + \or % sigplan + \@mkauthors@iii + \or % sigchi + \@mkauthors@iii + \or % sigchi-a + \@mkauthors@iv + \fi + \endgroup +} +\def\@authorfont{\Large\sffamily} +\def\@affiliationfont{\normalsize\normalfont} +\ifcase\ACM@format@nr +\relax % manuscript +\or % acmsmall + \def\@authorfont{\large\sffamily} + \def\@affiliationfont{\small\normalfont} +\or % acmlarge +\or % acmtog + \def\@authorfont{\LARGE\sffamily} + \def\@affiliationfont{\large} +\or % sigconf + \def\@authorfont{\LARGE} + \def\@affiliationfont{\large} +\or % siggraph + \def\@authorfont{\normalsize\normalfont} + \def\@affiliationfont{\normalsize\normalfont} +\or % sigplan + \def\@authorfont{\Large\normalfont} + \def\@affiliationfont{\normalsize\normalfont} +\or % sigchi + \def\@authorfont{\bfseries} + \def\@affiliationfont{\mdseries} +\or % sigchi-a + \def\@authorfont{\bfseries} + \def\@affiliationfont{\mdseries} +\fi +\def\@typeset@author@line{% + \andify\@currentauthors\par\noindent + \@currentauthors\def\@currentauthors{}% + \ifx\@currentaffiliations\@empty\else + \andify\@currentaffiliations + \unskip, {\@currentaffiliations}\par + \fi + \def\@currentaffiliations{}} +\def\@mkauthors@i{% + \def\@currentauthors{}% + \def\@currentaffiliations{}% + \global\let\and\@typeset@author@line + \def\@author##1{% + \ifx\@currentauthors\@empty + \gdef\@currentauthors{\@authorfont\MakeUppercase{##1}}% + \else + \g@addto@macro{\@currentauthors}{\and\MakeUppercase{##1}}% + \fi + \gdef\and{}}% + \def\email##1##2{}% + \def\affiliation##1##2{% + \def\@tempa{##2}\ifx\@tempa\@empty\else + \ifx\@currentaffiliations\@empty + \gdef\@currentaffiliations{% + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}% + \@affiliationfont##2}% + \else + \g@addto@macro{\@currentaffiliations}{\and + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}##2}% + \fi + \fi + \global\let\and\@typeset@author@line}% + \global\setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\noindent\box\mktitle@bx\par\medskip + \noindent\addresses\@typeset@author@line + \par\medskip}% +} +\newbox\author@bx +\newdimen\author@bx@wd +\newskip\author@bx@sep +\author@bx@sep=1pc\relax +\def\@typeset@author@bx{\bgroup\hsize=\author@bx@wd\def\and{\par}% + \global\setbox\author@bx=\vtop{\if@ACM@sigchiamode\else\centering\fi + \@authorfont\@currentauthors\par\@affiliationfont + \@currentaffiliation}\egroup + \box\author@bx\hspace{\author@bx@sep}% + \gdef\@currentauthors{}% + \gdef\@currentaffiliation{}} +\def\@mkauthors@iii{% + \author@bx@wd=\textwidth\relax + \advance\author@bx@wd by -\author@bx@sep\relax + \ifcase\num@authorgroups + \relax % 0? + \or % 1=one author per row + \or % 2=two authors per row + \divide\author@bx@wd by \num@authorgroups\relax + \or % 3=three authors per row + \divide\author@bx@wd by \num@authorgroups\relax + \or % 4=two authors per row (!) + \divide\author@bx@wd by 2\relax + \else % three authors per row + \divide\author@bx@wd by 3\relax + \fi + \advance\author@bx@wd by -\author@bx@sep\relax + \gdef\@currentauthors{}% + \gdef\@currentaffiliation{}% + \def\@author##1{\ifx\@currentauthors\@empty + \gdef\@currentauthors{\par##1}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\@currentauthors{\par##1}% + \fi + \gdef\and{}}% + \def\email##1##2{\ifx\@currentaffiliation\@empty + \gdef\@currentaffiliation{\nolinkurl{##2}}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\@currentaffiliation{\par\nolinkurl{##2}}% + \fi}% + \def\affiliation##1##2{\ifx\@currentaffiliation\@empty + \gdef\@currentaffiliation{% + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}##2}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\@currentaffiliation{\par + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}##2}% + \fi + \global\let\and\@typeset@author@bx +}% + \hsize=\textwidth + \global\setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\noindent + \box\mktitle@bx\par\medskip\leavevmode + \lineskip=1pc\relax\centering\hspace*{-1em}% + \addresses\let\and\@typeset@author@bx\and\par\bigskip}} +\def\@mkauthors@iv{% + \author@bx@wd=\columnwidth\relax + \advance\author@bx@wd by -\author@bx@sep\relax + \ifcase\num@authorgroups + \relax % 0? + \or % 1=one author per row + \else % 2=two authors per row + \divide\author@bx@wd by 2\relax + \fi + \advance\author@bx@wd by -\author@bx@sep\relax + \gdef\@currentauthors{}% + \gdef\@currentaffiliation{}% + \def\@author##1{\ifx\@currentauthors\@empty + \gdef\@currentauthors{\par##1}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\@currentauthors{\par##1}% + \fi + \gdef\and{}}% + \def\email##1##2{\ifx\@currentaffiliation\@empty + \gdef\@currentaffiliation{\nolinkurl{##2}}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\@currentaffiliation{\par\nolinkurl{##2}}% + \fi}% + \def\affiliation##1##2{\ifx\@currentaffiliation\@empty + \gdef\@currentaffiliation{% + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}##2}% + \else + \g@addto@macro\@currentaffiliation{\par + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{obeypunctuation=false}% + \setkeys{@ACM@affiliation@}{##1}##2}% + \fi + \global\let\and\@typeset@author@bx}% + \bgroup\hsize=\columnwidth + \par\raggedright\leftskip=\z@ + \lineskip=1pc\noindent + \addresses\let\and\@typeset@author@bx\and\par\bigskip\egroup} +\def\@authornotemark{\g@addto@macro\@currentauthors{\footnotemark}} +\def\@mkteasers{% + \ifx\@teaserfigures\@empty\else + \def\@teaser##1{\par\bigskip\bgroup + \captionsetup{type=figure}##1\egroup\par} + \global\setbox\mktitle@bx=\vbox{\noindent\box\mktitle@bx\par + \noindent\@teaserfigures\par\medskip}% + \fi} +\def\@setaddresses{} +\def\@mkabstract{\bgroup + \ifx\@abstract\@lempty\else + {\phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Abstract}% + \if@ACM@journal + \small\noindent + \else + \section*{Abstract}% + \fi + \ignorespaces\@abstract\par}% + \fi\egroup} +\def\@mkbibcitation{\bgroup + \def\footnotemark{}% + \def\\{\unskip{} \ignorespaces}% + \def\footnote{\ClassError{\@classname}{Please do note use footnotes + inside \string\title{} or \string\author{} command! Use + \string\titlenote{} or \string\authornote{} instead!}}% + \par\medskip\small\noindent{\bfseries ACM Reference format:}\par\nobreak + \noindent\authors. \@acmYear. \@title. + \if@ACM@journal + \textit{\@journalNameShort} + \@acmVolume, \@acmNumber, Article~\@acmArticle\ (\@acmPubDate), + \ref{TotPages}~pages. + \else + In \textit{Proceedings of \acmConference@name, \acmConference@venue, + \acmConference@date + \ifx\acmConference@name\acmConference@shortname\else + \ (\acmConference@shortname)\fi + ,} \ref{TotPages}~pages. + \fi\par + \noindent\@formatdoi{\@acmDOI} +\par\egroup} +\def\@printendtopmatter{\par\medskip + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \noindent\hrulefill\par\medskip + \or % acmsmall + \noindent\hrulefill\par\medskip + \or % acmlarge + \noindent\hrulefill\par\medskip + \or % acmtog + \par\bigskip + \or % sigconf + \par\bigskip + \or % siggraph + \par\bigskip + \or % sigplan + \par\bigskip + \or % sigchi + \par\bigskip + \or % sigchi-a + \fi +} +\def\@setthanks{\long\def\thanks##1{\par##1\@addpunct.}\thankses} +\RequirePackage{fancyhdr} +\if@ACM@review + \newsavebox{\ACM@linecount@bx} + \newlength\ACM@linecount@bxht + \newcount\ACM@linecount + \ACM@linecount\@ne\relax + \def\ACM@mk@linecount{% + \savebox{\ACM@linecount@bx}[4em][t]{\parbox[t]{4em}{% + \setlength{\ACM@linecount@bxht}{-\baselineskip}% + \loop{\color{ACMRed}\scriptsize\the\ACM@linecount}\\ + \global\advance\ACM@linecount by \@ne + \addtolength{\ACM@linecount@bxht}{\baselineskip}% + \ifdim\ACM@linecount@bxht<\textheight\repeat}}} +\fi +\def\ACM@linecountL{% + \if@ACM@review + \ACM@mk@linecount + \begin{picture}(0,0)% + \put(-26,-22){\usebox{\ACM@linecount@bx}}% + \end{picture}% + \fi} +\def\ACM@linecountR{% + \if@ACM@review + \ACM@mk@linecount + \begin{picture}(0,0)% + \put(20,-22){\usebox{\ACM@linecount@bx}}% + \end{picture}% + \fi} +\if@ACM@timestamp + % Subtracting 30 from \time gives us the effect of rounding-down despite + % \numexpr rounding to nearest + \newcounter{ACM@time@hours} + \setcounter{ACM@time@hours}{\numexpr (\time - 30) / 60 \relax} + \newcounter{ACM@time@minutes} + \setcounter{ACM@time@minutes}{\numexpr \time - \theACM@time@hours * 60 \relax} + \newcommand\ACM@timestamp{% + \footnotesize% + \the\year-\two@digits{\the\month}-\two@digits{\the\day}{ }% + \two@digits{\theACM@time@hours}:\two@digits{\theACM@time@minutes}{ }% + page~\thepage\ (pp. \@startPage-\pageref*{TotPages})% + \ifx\@acmSubmissionID\@empty\relax\else + ~Submission~ID: \@acmSubmissionID + \fi + } +\fi +\def\@shortauthors{\if@ACM@anonymous Anon.\else\shortauthors\fi} +\def\@headfootfont{% + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \sffamily + \or % acmsmall + \sffamily + \or % acmlarge + \sffamily + \or % acmtog + \sffamily + \or % sigconf + \sffamily + \or % siggraph + \sffamily + \or % sigplan + \sffamily + \or % sigchi + \sffamily + \or % sigchi-a + \sffamily + \fi} +\fancypagestyle{standardpagestyle}{% + \fancyhf{}% + \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{\z@}% + \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{\z@}% + \ifcase\ACM@format@nr + \relax % manuscript + \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\if@ACM@printfolios\thepage\fi}% + \fancyhead[RO]{\if@ACM@printfolios\thepage\fi}% + \fancyhead[RE]{\@shortauthors}% + \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL\shorttitle}% + \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize Manuscript submitted to ACM}% + \or % acmsmall + \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\@headfootfont\@acmArticle\if@ACM@printfolios:\thepage\fi}% + \fancyhead[RO]{\@headfootfont\@acmArticle\if@ACM@printfolios:\thepage\fi}% + \fancyhead[RE]{\@headfootfont\@shortauthors}% + \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL\@headfootfont\shorttitle}% + \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize \@journalName, Vol. \@acmVolume, No. + \@acmNumber, Article \@acmArticle. 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Publication date: + \@acmPubDate.}% + \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\@folioblob}% + \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL}% + \fancyhead[RO]{\@folioblob}% + \fancyheadoffset[RO,LE]{0.6\@folio@wd}% + \or % acmlarge + \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize \@journalName, Vol. \@acmVolume, No. + \@acmNumber, Article \@acmArticle. Publication date: + \@acmPubDate.}% + \fancyhead[RO]{\@folioblob}% + \fancyhead[LE]{\ACM@linecountL\@folioblob}% + \fancyhead[LO]{\ACM@linecountL}% + \fancyheadoffset[RO,LE]{1.4\@folio@wd}% + \or % acmtog + \fancyfoot[RO,LE]{\footnotesize \@journalName, Vol. \@acmVolume, No. + \@acmNumber, Article \@acmArticle. Publication date: + \@acmPubDate.}% + \fancyhead[L]{\ACM@linecountL}% + \fancyhead[R]{\ACM@linecountR}% + \else % Conference proceedings + \fancyhead[L]{\ACM@linecountL}% + \fancyhead[R]{\ACM@linecountR}% + \fancyfoot[C]{\if@ACM@printfolios\footnotesize\thepage\fi}% + \fi + \if@ACM@timestamp + \ifnum\ACM@format@nr=0\relax % Manuscript + \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\ACM@timestamp\quad + \footnotesize Manuscript submitted to ACM} + \else + \fancyfoot[LO,RE]{\ACM@timestamp} + \fi + \fi +} +\renewcommand\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}% + {-.75\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% + {.25\baselineskip}% + {\@secfont}} +\renewcommand\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}% + {-.75\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% + {.25\baselineskip}% + {\@subsecfont}} +\renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{10pt}% + {-.5\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% + {-3.5\p@}% + {\@subsubsecfont\@adddotafter}} +\renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\parindent}% + {-.5\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% + {-3.5\p@}% + {\@parfont\@adddotafter}} +\renewcommand\part{\@startsection{part}{9}{\z@}% + {-10\p@ \@plus -4\p@ \@minus -2\p@}% + {4\p@}% + {\@parfont}} +\def\section@raggedright{\@rightskip\@flushglue + \rightskip\@rightskip + \leftskip\z@skip + \parindent\z@} +\def\@secfont{\sffamily\bfseries\section@raggedright\MakeUppercase} +\def\@subsecfont{\sffamily\bfseries\section@raggedright} +\def\@subsubsecfont{\sffamily\itshape} +\def\@parfont{\itshape} +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} +\ifcase\ACM@format@nr +\relax % manuscript +\or % acmsmall +\or % acmlarge + \def\@secfont{\sffamily\large\section@raggedright\MakeUppercase} + \def\@subsecfont{\sffamily\large\section@raggedright} +\or % acmtog + \def\@secfont{\sffamily\large\section@raggedright\MakeUppercase} + \def\@subsecfont{\sffamily\large\section@raggedright} +\or % sigconf + \def\@secfont{\bfseries\Large\section@raggedright\MakeUppercase} + \def\@subsecfont{\bfseries\Large\section@raggedright} +\or % siggraph + \def\@secfont{\bfseries\sffamily\Large\section@raggedright\MakeUppercase} + \def\@subsecfont{\bfseries\sffamily\Large\section@raggedright} +\or % sigplan + \def\@secfont{\bfseries\Large\section@raggedright} + \def\@subsecfont{\bfseries\section@raggedright} + \renewcommand\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}% + {-.75\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% + {.25\baselineskip}% + {\@subsubsecfont}} + \def\@subsubsecfont{\bfseries\section@raggedright} + \renewcommand\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}% + {-.5\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% + {-3.5\p@}% + {\@parfont\@addspaceafter}} + \def\@parfont{\bfseries\itshape} + \renewcommand\subparagraph{\@startsection{subparagraph}{5}{\z@}% + {-.5\baselineskip \@plus -2\p@ \@minus -.2\p@}% + {-3.5\p@}% + {\@subparfont\@addspaceafter}} + \def\@subparfont{\itshape} +\or % sigchi + \setcounter{secnumdepth}{1} + \def\@secfont{\bfseries\sffamily\section@raggedright\MakeUppercase} + \def\@subsecfont{\bfseries\sffamily\section@raggedright} +\or % sigchi-a + \setcounter{secnumdepth}{0} + \def\@secfont{\bfseries\sffamily\section@raggedright\MakeUppercase} + \def\@subsecfont{\bfseries\sffamily\section@raggedright} +\fi +\def\@adddotafter#1{#1\@addpunct{.}} +\def\@addspaceafter#1{#1\@addpunct{\enspace}} +\providecommand*\@dotsep{4.5} +\def\@acmplainbodyfont{\itshape} +\def\@acmplainindent{\parindent} +\def\@acmplainheadfont{\scshape} +\def\@acmplainnotefont{\@empty} +\ifcase\ACM@format@nr +\relax % manuscript +\or % acmsmall +\or % acmlarge +\or % acmtog +\or % sigconf +\or % siggraph +\or % sigplan + \def\@acmplainbodyfont{\itshape} + \def\@acmplainindent{\z@} + \def\@acmplainheadfont{\bfseries} + \def\@acmplainnotefont{\normalfont} +\or % sigchi +\or % sigchi-a +\fi +\newtheoremstyle{acmplain}% + {.5\baselineskip\@plus.2\baselineskip + \@minus.2\baselineskip}% space above + {.5\baselineskip\@plus.2\baselineskip + \@minus.2\baselineskip}% space below + {\@acmplainbodyfont}% body font + {\@acmplainindent}% indent amount + {\@acmplainheadfont}% head font + {.}% punctuation after head + {.5em}% spacing after head + {\thmname{#1}\thmnumber{ #2}\thmnote{ {\@acmplainnotefont(#3)}}}% head spec +\def\@acmdefinitionbodyfont{\normalfont} +\def\@acmdefinitionindent{\parindent} +\def\@acmdefinitionheadfont{\itshape} +\def\@acmdefinitionnotefont{\@empty} +\ifcase\ACM@format@nr +\relax % manuscript +\or % acmsmall +\or % acmlarge +\or % acmtog +\or % sigconf +\or % siggraph +\or % sigplan + \def\@acmdefinitionbodyfont{\normalfont} + \def\@acmdefinitionindent{\z@} + \def\@acmdefinitionheadfont{\bfseries} + \def\@acmdefinitionnotefont{\normalfont} +\or % sigchi +\or % sigchi-a +\fi +\newtheoremstyle{acmdefinition}% + {.5\baselineskip\@plus.2\baselineskip + \@minus.2\baselineskip}% space above + {.5\baselineskip\@plus.2\baselineskip + \@minus.2\baselineskip}% space below + {\@acmdefinitionbodyfont}% body font + {\@acmdefinitionindent}% indent amount + {\@acmdefinitionheadfont}% head font + {.}% punctuation after head + {.5em}% spacing after head + {\thmname{#1}\thmnumber{ #2}\thmnote{ {\@acmdefinitionnotefont(#3)}}}% head spec +\theoremstyle{acmplain} +\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem}[section] +\newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture} +\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition} +\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma} +\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary} +\theoremstyle{acmdefinition} +\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example} +\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition} +\theoremstyle{acmplain} +\def\@proofnamefont{\scshape} +\def\@proofindent{\indent} +\ifcase\ACM@format@nr +\relax % manuscript +\or % acmsmall +\or % acmlarge +\or % acmtog +\or % sigconf +\or % siggraph +\or % sigplan + \def\@proofnamefont{\itshape} + \def\@proofindent{\noindent} +\or % sigchi +\or % sigchi-a +\fi +\renewenvironment{proof}[1][\proofname]{\par + \pushQED{\qed}% + \normalfont \topsep6\p@\@plus6\p@\relax + \trivlist + \item[\@proofindent\hskip\labelsep + {\@proofnamefont #1\@addpunct{.}}]\ignorespaces +}{% + \popQED\endtrivlist\@endpefalse +} +\specialcomment{acks}{% + \begingroup + \section*{Acknowledgments} + \phantomsection\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Acknowledgments} +}{% + \endgroup +} +\def\grantsponsor#1#2#3{#2} +\newcommand\grantnum[3][]{#3% + \def\@tempa{#1}\ifx\@tempa\@empty\else\space(\url{#1})\fi} +\if@ACM@screen + \includecomment{screenonly} + \excludecomment{printonly} +\else + \excludecomment{screenonly} + \includecomment{printonly} +\fi +\if@ACM@anonymous + \excludecomment{anonsuppress} + \excludecomment{acks} +\else + \includecomment{anonsuppress} +\fi +\newcommand\showeprint[2][arxiv]{% + \def\@tempa{#1}% + \ifx\@tempa\@empty\def\@tempa{arxiv}\fi + \def\@tempb{arxiv}% + \ifx\@tempa\@tempb + arXiv:\href{http://arxiv.org/abs/#2}{#2}\else arXiv:#2% + \fi} +\normalsize\normalfont\frenchspacing +\endinput +%% +%% End of file `acmart.cls'. diff --git a/ccs-body.tex b/ccs-body.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b6585f --- /dev/null +++ b/ccs-body.tex @@ -0,0 +1,173 @@ +\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction} + +Blockchain~\cite{nakamoto2008bitcoin} technology has come a long way in recent years, but one major issue that still persists is the lack of scalability. +Today's blockchain systems struggle to handle the large amount of data that needs to be stored and transmitted between nodes when they are trying to synchronize with each other or bootstrap from the network. +This lack of scalability limits the adoption of blockchain technology and hinders its potential to revolutionize a variety of industries. + +Blockchain data comes in two types: \textit{application data} and \textit{consensus data}. +Application data includes transactions, account balances, smart contract state evolution, and everything else included in the block data itself. +Consensus data includes consensus-critical information such as proof-of-work or proof-of-stake and nonces required to discover the longest chain. +Everything that is part of the block header is considered consensus data. + +While application data can grow or shrink depending on the implementation, consensus data grows boundlessly at a constant linear rate in time~\cite{kiayias2021mining}. +Recently, Kiayias~\textit{et al.}~\cite{kiayias2021mining} have proposed a blockchain protocol to reduce storage and communication complexity of blockchains to $O(polylog(n))$. +However, the security of their protocol was only proven in a static context~\cite{garay2015bitcoin}, where the number of participants in the network is static. + +In this paper, we focus on the aforementioned protocol. +We modify it to fit a dynamic environment~\cite{garay2017bitcoin}, with participants joining or leaving the network. +We prove that the properties needed to maintain security of the protocol still hold in a dynamic context. +Our contributions are as follows: +\begin{itemize} + \item Study of the mining in logarithmic space protocol in the dynamic context. + \item Modification of the protocol to account for said dynamicity. + \item Proof of properties in the dynamic context. +\end{itemize} + +Section~\ref{sec:related} presents the related work. +Section~\ref{sec:background} talks about consensus and application data. + + + +\section{Related Work}\label{sec:related} + +\begin{table*} + \caption{Comparison to other works.} + \adjustbox{max width=\textwidth}{% + \centering + \begin{tabular}{cllllcccccr} + \toprule + & \textbf{BTC Full} & \textbf{BTC SPV} & \textbf{Ethereum} & \textbf{Superblock NIPoPows} & \textbf{FlyClient} & \textbf{Mining in Log. Space} & This work \\ + \midrule + \textbf{Prover storage} & n(c+$\delta$) & nc + log($\delta$) & nc + k$\delta$ + a & nc + k$\delta$ + a & nc + k$\delta$ + a & poly log(n)c + k$\delta$ + a & ? \\ + \textbf{Communication} & n(c+$\delta$) & nc + log($\delta$) & nc + k$\delta$ + a & poly log(n)c + k$\delta$ + a & poly log(n)c + k$\delta$ + a & poly log(n)c + k$\delta$ + a & ? \\ + \textbf{Can verifier mine?} & Yes & No & Yes & No & No & Yes & Yes? \\ + \textbf{Works in variable difficulty?} & Yes & Yes & Yes & No & Yes & No & Yes? \\ + \bottomrule + \end{tabular}} + \label{tab:comp} +\end{table*} + + + +\section{Consensus and application data}\label{sec:background} +% Sensibly the same information that is in Mining in log space. +% Might add some context on dynamic environment? + +\subsection{Application state} + +Blockchain systems are designed to maintain an accurate application state. +This state can be leveraged to determine important information such as who owns what and how much of it. +One of the key decisions in designing a blockchain system is determining how ownership should be represented. +There are two primary ways of doing so: UTXO-based and accounts-based systems. +In UTXO-based systems, the application state is comprised of the unspent transaction outputs that are available for spending. +On the other hand, in accounts-based systems, the application state is comprised of accounts and balances. +Notably, Bitcoin uses the UTXO-based approach to maintain its application state, while Ethereum uses an accounts-based system. + +The application state of a blockchain system is in a constant state of evolution as new transactions are applied to it. +Each transaction acts as a state evolution operator, making changes to the current state of the system. +In essence, a transaction represents a set of instructions that dictate how the application state should be transformed. +By applying a transaction to a previous application state, a new application state can be computed. +This new state reflects the changes introduced by the transaction, such as the transfer of ownership of assets or the execution of a smart contract. + +Each block in a blockchain system represents a batch of transactions that are processed in a particular sequence. +By processing these transactions in a specific order, the block acts as a state evolution operator that updates the overall application state of the system. + +There are two primary schools of thought regarding what should be stored in each block in a blockchain system. +The first school advocates for storing only transactions, which represent the changes made to the application state. +The application state at the end of the blockchain can then be computed by starting at the genesis application state and traversing the blockchain, applying the state evolution described by each block in order to arrive at the final application state. + +The second school argues for storing both transactions and the state after these transactions have been applied (called a snapshot), in each block. +In such a system, the application state at the end of the blockchain does not need to be computed by applying the blocks. +Instead, a block near the end of the chain can simply be inspected, and the application state within extracted. +This can result in faster queries and simpler implementation of certain types of smart contracts. +However, the downside is that the snapshot approach requires more storage space and can make synchronization of the network more complex. + +It is possible to apply either the transaction-only or snapshot approach to either UTXO-based or accounts-based ownership representations. +Bitcoin uses the UTXO-based representation and stores only transaction deltas, while Ethereum uses an accounts-based representation and stores snapshots. +Bitcoin could potentially commit the newly computed unspent transaction output (UTXO) in every block, and some Bitcoin forks have already implemented this feature. +On the other hand, Ethereum maintains both deltas and snapshots in its blocks. +While snapshots are not necessary, they are incredibly helpful in ensuring the integrity and efficiency of the blockchain. + +For the rest of this paper, we work under the same assumption as Kiayias~\textit{et al.}~\cite{kiayias2021mining}, that is we assume a Proof of Work blockchain in which each block commits to an application state snapshot. +The representation of ownership is irrelevant for our purposes. + +\subsection{Bootstrapping} + +\subsection{Consensus data} + + + +\section{MLS does not work variable setting} + +\begin{itemize} + \item $k$ is static, it should vary with mining power. + \item Superblocks only compare relative difficulties, not absolute. + \item Comparison algorithm does not take into account absolute difficulty. + \item Compression algorithm can lose blocks if left as is. + \item Online property broken by potential lost blocks. +\end{itemize} + +\section{State compression}\label{sec:compression} + +\begin{itemize} + \item $k$ not correlated to $m$ anymore. + \item Link of $m$ related to $|epoch|$? + \item Compress chains using D/T ratio rarity instead of superblocks. + \item Rarity introduced by sorting ratios into exponentially rarer buckets. +\end{itemize} + + + +\section{Synchronization}\label{sec:synchronization} + +\begin{itemize} + \item Verifier bootstraps with only the genesis block $G$. + \item Weather balloon to determine value for $k$. + \item Apply MLS algorithm to compare proofs, heaviest chain from last common ancestor wins. +\end{itemize} + +\begin{theorem}[Security] + Whenever the verifier receives a proof $\Pi$ constructed by an honest party and a proof $\Pi'$ constructed by the adversary, it will decide in favour of the honest proof, unless the adversary is playing honestly and $\Pi'$ was generated according to the protocol. +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof}[Sketch] + The theorem holds due to the Common Prefix Property. +\end{proof} + +\begin{theorem}[Online] + Consider $\Pi = Compress_{m,k}(C)$ generated about an underlying honest chain $C$, and a block $b$ mined on top of $C$. + Then $Compress_{m,k}(Cb) = Compress_{m,k}(\Pi b)$. +\end{theorem} + +\subsection{Weather balloon} + +Use interactive version for now. + +\begin{itemize} + \item Use weather balloon to count the number of mined blocks. + \item Number of blocks gives us the estimated population/mining power. + \item Estimation gives us a value for $k$. +\end{itemize} + + + +\section{Analysis}\label{sec:analysis} + + + +\section{Conclusion}\label{sec:conclusion} + + + + +\appendix + +\section{Appendix} + +Paper formatted using https://github.com/acmccs/format. + + + +\begin{acks} + % TODO: For the submission, don't include acknowledgments since they would most likely deanonymize you. +\end{acks} diff --git a/ccs-sample.bib b/ccs-sample.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5e98ca1 --- /dev/null +++ b/ccs-sample.bib @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +@article{nakamoto2008bitcoin, + title={Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system}, + author={Nakamoto, Satoshi}, + journal={Decentralized Business Review}, + pages={21260}, + year={2008} +} + +@inproceedings{kiayias2021mining, + title={Mining in Logarithmic Space}, + author={Kiayias, Aggelos and Leonardos, Nikos and Zindros, Dionysis}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security}, + pages={3487--3501}, + year={2021} +} + +@inproceedings{garay2015bitcoin, + title={The bitcoin backbone protocol: Analysis and applications}, + author={Garay, Juan and Kiayias, Aggelos and Leonardos, Nikos}, + booktitle={Annual international conference on the theory and applications of cryptographic techniques}, + pages={281--310}, + year={2015}, + organization={Springer} +} + +@inproceedings{garay2017bitcoin, + title={The bitcoin backbone protocol with chains of variable difficulty}, + author={Garay, Juan and Kiayias, Aggelos and Leonardos, Nikos}, + booktitle={Annual International Cryptology Conference}, + pages={291--323}, + year={2017}, + organization={Springer} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/ccs-template.tex b/ccs-template.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a09fae --- /dev/null +++ b/ccs-template.tex @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +\documentclass[sigconf, anonymous]{acmart} + +%\usepackage[usenames]{xcolor} +\PassOptionsToPackage{usenames,dvipsnames}{xcolor} +\newcommand{\todo}[1]{\textcolor{red}{#1}} +\newcommand{\suggestion}[1]{\textcolor{blue}{#1}} +\newcommand{\solution}[1]{\textcolor{ACMGreen}{#1}} +\newcommand{\failed}[1]{\textcolor{ACMPurple}{#1}} + + +% Tables +\usepackage{tabularx} +\usepackage{booktabs} +\usepackage{adjustbox} +\usepackage{array} + + +\fancyhf{} % Remove fancy page headers +\fancyhead[C]{Anonymous submission \#9999 to ACM CCS 2023} % TODO: replace 9999 with your paper number +\fancyfoot[C]{\thepage} + +\setcopyright{none} % No copyright notice required for submissions +\acmConference[Anonymous Submission to ACM CCS 2023]{ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security}{Due 15 May 2023}{London, TBD} +\acmYear{2023} + +\settopmatter{printacmref=false, printccs=true, printfolios=true} % We want page numbers on submissions + +%%\ccsPaper{9999} % TODO: replace with your paper number once obtained + +\begin{document} +\title{Mining in Logarithmic Space with Variable Difficulty} % TODO: replace with your title + +\begin{abstract} + This paper addresses the lack of scalability in current blockchain technology and its hindrance to widespread adoption. + Blockchain data is categorized into application data and consensus data, with consensus data growing unboundedly at a constant linear rate in time. + Recently, a protocol to reduce storage and communication complexity of blockchains to $O(polylog(n))$ was proposed, but its security was only proven in a static context. + This paper focuses on modifying the protocol to fit a dynamic environment, with participants joining or leaving the network, and proving the upkeep of security properties in this context. + The contributions of this paper include a study of the protocol in the dynamic context, its modification, and proof of properties in the dynamic context. +\end{abstract} + +% TODO: replace this section with code generated by the tool at https://dl.acm.org/ccs.cfm +\begin{CCSXML} + + + 10002978.10003006.10003013 + Security and privacy~Distributed systems security + 500 + + + 10002978.10002979 + Security and privacy~Cryptography + 300 + + +\end{CCSXML} + +\ccsdesc[500]{Security and privacy~Distributed systems security} +\ccsdesc[300]{Security and privacy~Cryptography} +% -- end of section to replace with generated code + +\keywords{blockchains; proof-of-work; logspace mining; superlight clients; NIPoPoWs; superblocks; variable difficulty} % TODO: replace with your keywords + +\maketitle + +\input{ccs-body} % TODO: replace with your brilliant paper! + +\bibliographystyle{ACM-Reference-Format} +\bibliography{ccs-sample} + +\end{document}